I have a post over at the Originalism Blog on this subject. Here is an excerpt:
Under this interpretation [which has very powerful evidentiary support], the Equal Protection Clause protects against the failure of the state to protect people from violations of the law. The focus of the Clause was on the historical evil of state officials, such as sheriffs, who ignored private violence by groups, such as the KKK, against blacks, unionists, and others who the former confederates opposed. [It does not provide protection against unequal laws.]
The problem is, if the Equal Protection Clause does not provide equality, then what does under the Fourteenth Amendment?
There are three significant possibilities. First, Harrison and Green argue that the Privileges or Immunities Clause forbids the states from imposing caste type forms of inequality. Second, the Privileges or Immunities Clause might grant substantive rights (including certain common law rights) to all citizens of the United States. Since these substantive rights are constitutionally protected, all citizens would be protected from violations of those rights and thereby enjoy equality as to them. Third, the substantive component of the Due Process Clause-- which may in fact exist -- may prohibit certain unequal laws. Moreover, these different sources of the equality right may reinforce one another. In particular, the second and third sources may work well together.
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Tom Smith